https://pharmrep.org/pharmrep <p>Pharmacy Reports is an open-access journal publishing peer-reviewed research in the pharmacy field, covering topics in pharmaceutics, biomedicine, pharmaceutical chemistry, bioinformatics, natural product, pharmacology and toxicology, and clinical pharmacy.</p> Indonesian Young Scientist Group and UPN Veteran Jakarta en-US Pharmacy Reports 2798-9798 https://pharmrep.org/pharmrep/article/view/119 <p>Breast cancer imposes a substantial clinical and economic burden in Indonesia, particularly within the National Health Insurance system administered by BPJS Kesehatan. Understanding cost variation by disease severity and care type is therefore essential for efficient resource allocation. This retrospective observational study used BPJS Kesehatan claims data to estimate annual direct medical costs from the payer perspective, categorizing expenses into chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, diagnostic procedures, and follow-up examinations. Costs were analyzed by outpatient versus inpatient care and inpatient severity levels (mild, moderate, severe). The total annual direct medical cost reached IDR 834.11 billion. Outpatient care accounted for the largest share of total expenditure, while inpatient care incurred substantially higher per-patient costs. Costs increased consistently with severity across all components, with chemotherapy, surgery, and radiotherapy identified as the main cost drivers, particularly in severe inpatient cases. Median cost differences between outpatient care and all inpatient severity levels were statistically significant (p&lt;0.001). These findings highlight the significant financial burden of breast cancer on Indonesia’s national health insurance system, strongly influenced by disease severity and inpatient utilization, and underscore the importance of early detection and optimized outpatient care to improve efficiency and long-term sustainability of cancer care financing under Indonesia’s national health insurance system (<em>JKN).</em></p> Sudewi Mukaromah Khoirunnisa Didik Setiawan Copyright (c) 2026 Sudewi Mukaromah Khoirunnisa, Didik Setiawan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2026-05-29 2026-05-29 6 1 119 119 10.51511/pr.119 https://pharmrep.org/pharmrep/article/view/126 <p>Topical delivery of <em>Momordica charantia</em> (bitter melon) extract is a promising approach for anti-inflammatory and antioxidant therapy, yet the performance of the dosage form depends strongly on the composition of the formulation base. This study aimed to optimize a two-component vaseline–lanolin ointment base for <em>M. charantia</em> extract using a simplex lattice mixture design. Five blends spanning the binary mixture space were prepared and characterized for viscosity, spreadability, adhesiveness, and pH. Polynomial mixture models were fitted to each response, model adequacy was assessed by analysis of variance and lack-of-fit testing, and a multi-response Derringer desirability function was applied to locate a compromise optimum, which was then verified experimentally. Increasing the lanolin proportion generally increased viscosity and adhesiveness but reduced spreadability, whereas higher vaseline fractions improved spreadability while maintaining pH within a skin-compatible range. The models showed good fit and predictive utility, and the selected blend (vaseline:lanolin = 70:30) met all predefined physical criteria, with observed responses showing no significant difference from predicted values. In conclusion, simplex lattice optimization efficiently guided the vaseline–lanolin ratio toward a base with favorable rheological properties, providing a useful and reproducible platform for incorporating <em>M. charantia</em> extract in future efficacy and stability studies.</p> Muh Fajar Fauzi Sarmoko Tantri Liris Nareswari Ahmad Bayu Satriawan Nisa Yulianti Suprahman Evi Kurniawaty Copyright (c) 2026 Muh Fajar Fauzi, Sarmoko, Tantri Liris Nareswari, Ahmad Bayu Satriawan; Nisa Yulianti Suprahman; Evi Kurniawaty https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2026-05-31 2026-05-31 6 1 126 126 10.51511/pr.126